1 00:02:23,685 --> 00:02:26,348 President Rios Montt and I have had a useful exchange 2 00:02:26,647 --> 00:02:28,764 of ideas on the problems of the region 3 00:02:29,066 --> 00:02:31,353 and on our bilateral relations. 4 00:04:05,829 --> 00:04:10,324 This is a very normal scene for an exhumation. 5 00:04:10,625 --> 00:04:13,242 However, it's just as special as every other exhumation. 6 00:04:13,545 --> 00:04:16,083 These are at least three people. 7 00:04:16,381 --> 00:04:18,373 Three lives, three families. 8 00:04:22,804 --> 00:04:25,342 We are here at the families' request 9 00:04:25,640 --> 00:04:29,224 with their trust in what we're doing. 10 00:04:34,316 --> 00:04:37,775 Many people come to the site with the hope 11 00:04:38,069 --> 00:04:40,311 that they will be able to learn what really happened 12 00:04:40,614 --> 00:04:41,855 to their loved ones. 13 00:04:42,157 --> 00:04:44,615 The hope that the body of that loved one will be identified 14 00:04:44,910 --> 00:04:46,446 and eventually given back to them 15 00:04:46,745 --> 00:04:51,285 so that they can bury it properly in a dignified way. 16 00:05:08,809 --> 00:05:10,391 Forensic Anthropology is the application 17 00:05:10,685 --> 00:05:14,474 of physical anthropology techniques to a criminal setting. 18 00:05:16,024 --> 00:05:19,938 To establish certain things like the age, the sex, 19 00:05:20,237 --> 00:05:23,526 but most importantly what makes it actually forensic 20 00:05:23,824 --> 00:05:27,943 is trying to understand how the person died. 21 00:05:28,245 --> 00:05:31,363 Although the recollection of evidence serves the purpose 22 00:05:31,665 --> 00:05:35,705 of justice, it serves the purpose of truth just as well. 23 00:05:38,463 --> 00:05:41,206 After we recover the body, we have to analyze that body 24 00:05:41,508 --> 00:05:44,751 and compare it to the information of the missing person 25 00:05:45,053 --> 00:05:49,093 that was forcibly disappeared or extralegally executed. 26 00:05:51,268 --> 00:05:52,759 And that's what happened here. 27 00:05:53,061 --> 00:05:55,724 These communities were targeted as a strategy 28 00:05:56,022 --> 00:05:57,558 to get rid of them. 29 00:06:03,613 --> 00:06:07,482 We have about 2,000 bodies stored in these cardboard boxes. 30 00:06:09,202 --> 00:06:13,321 The FAFG has conducted over 31 00:06:14,666 --> 00:06:16,703 From all the investigations we carried out, 32 00:06:17,002 --> 00:06:19,540 the Dos Erres investigation really stands out. 33 00:06:19,838 --> 00:06:22,455 Usually we are looking to identify the dead, 34 00:06:22,757 --> 00:06:25,044 but here we were looking for the living. 35 00:06:25,343 --> 00:06:27,380 We were looking for Oscar. 36 00:06:30,849 --> 00:06:34,468 If you talk to people who know about what happened here, 37 00:06:34,769 --> 00:06:37,477 the Oscar story became kinda the poster child 38 00:06:37,772 --> 00:06:39,684 of the past in Guatemala. 39 00:06:41,359 --> 00:06:44,272 The Civil War in Guatemala was one of the longest civil wars 40 00:06:44,571 --> 00:06:48,110 in Central America. 41 00:06:48,408 --> 00:06:49,444 It started in the '50s 42 00:06:49,743 --> 00:06:53,327 when they deposed a democratically elected president 43 00:06:53,622 --> 00:06:54,782 that was basically engineered 44 00:06:54,998 --> 00:06:57,866 with the help of the United States. 45 00:06:58,168 --> 00:07:00,501 It was right on the heels of the Cuban revolution, 46 00:07:00,795 --> 00:07:04,505 so everybody's thinking that Guatemala is gonna become Cuba. 47 00:07:04,799 --> 00:07:07,337 The question before us all is can freedom 48 00:07:07,636 --> 00:07:10,379 in the next generation conquer 49 00:07:10,680 --> 00:07:12,440 or are the Communists going to be successful? 50 00:07:12,724 --> 00:07:15,182 That's the great issue. 51 00:07:15,477 --> 00:07:18,515 Jacobo Arbenz was the first elected leader 52 00:07:18,813 --> 00:07:21,476 to be overthrown by the United States government. 53 00:07:21,775 --> 00:07:25,815 And it created tremendous and very violent repercussions 54 00:07:27,072 --> 00:07:29,439 inside the country that lasted for decades, 55 00:07:29,741 --> 00:07:33,325 and in some senses still reverberate in Guatemala today. 56 00:07:39,793 --> 00:07:41,250 The Guatemalan conflict stands out 57 00:07:41,544 --> 00:07:43,501 for the sheer volume of deaths, 58 00:07:43,797 --> 00:07:46,005 the brutality of the military, 59 00:07:46,299 --> 00:07:48,541 the one-sidedness of the conflict, 60 00:07:48,843 --> 00:07:51,335 basically the Guatemalan military against leftist guerillas. 61 00:07:51,638 --> 00:07:53,504 And so the US does see in a Cold War prism, 62 00:07:53,807 --> 00:07:57,391 so you have a US trained, US backed military. 63 00:07:57,686 --> 00:07:59,643 We've been slow to understand that the defense 64 00:07:59,938 --> 00:08:01,770 of the Caribbean and Central America 65 00:08:02,065 --> 00:08:04,478 against Marxist/Leninist takeover is vital 66 00:08:04,776 --> 00:08:06,938 to our national security in ways we're not accustomed 67 00:08:07,237 --> 00:08:08,478 to thinking about. 68 00:08:08,780 --> 00:08:12,239 What we can do is help to give them the skills and supplies 69 00:08:12,534 --> 00:08:15,072 they need to do the job for themselves. 70 00:08:15,370 --> 00:08:19,330 The US continued to support the Guatemalan military always 71 00:08:19,624 --> 00:08:23,288 with this idea that the military was the best 72 00:08:23,586 --> 00:08:27,626 and first bulwark against rising Communism in Latin America. 73 00:08:45,025 --> 00:08:47,483 When Efrain Rios Montt took over in a coup 74 00:08:47,777 --> 00:08:49,734 in March of 1982, 75 00:08:50,030 --> 00:08:52,397 he basically brought in a new set of rules 76 00:08:52,699 --> 00:08:54,110 of fighting the war. 77 00:09:03,543 --> 00:09:04,704 By that time, 78 00:09:05,003 --> 00:09:08,337 there were already red flags waving over Guatemala 79 00:09:08,631 --> 00:09:09,775 about the human rights crisis 80 00:09:09,799 --> 00:09:11,119 that was unfolding in the country. 81 00:09:11,384 --> 00:09:13,424 There were already these mutilated bodies showing up 82 00:09:13,511 --> 00:09:15,423 in the streets. 83 00:09:15,722 --> 00:09:18,681 And it was very clear by July of 1982 84 00:09:20,310 --> 00:09:23,678 that the peace had accelerated immensely under Rios Montt. 85 00:09:25,774 --> 00:09:27,891 And that hundreds of villages were being razed 86 00:09:28,193 --> 00:09:29,809 to the ground, and tens of thousands 87 00:09:30,111 --> 00:09:32,353 of people were being killed. 88 00:09:33,782 --> 00:09:35,569 That was the story of 1982. 89 00:09:35,867 --> 00:09:37,699 And there was report after report coming out, 90 00:09:37,994 --> 00:09:39,576 trying to get to the bottom of this. 91 00:09:39,871 --> 00:09:41,988 Who was doing this, why. 92 00:09:42,290 --> 00:09:44,498 With the White House sending people to say, 93 00:09:44,793 --> 00:09:47,627 you know, it's the fog of war, it's very unclear, 94 00:09:47,921 --> 00:09:49,148 the guerrillas are very violent. 95 00:09:49,172 --> 00:09:50,458 They're very brutal. 96 00:09:50,757 --> 00:09:52,151 We believe they're the ones doing the massacres. 97 00:09:52,175 --> 00:09:56,294 We believe they're dressing up in military uniforms 98 00:09:56,596 --> 00:09:58,679 and massacring people. 99 00:10:05,063 --> 00:10:09,182 December 1982, Reagan and Rios Montt meet in person 100 00:10:10,568 --> 00:10:12,230 for the first time. 101 00:10:12,529 --> 00:10:13,798 Ladies and Gentleman, 102 00:10:13,822 --> 00:10:15,502 the President of the Republic of Guatemala, 103 00:10:15,740 --> 00:10:17,026 Efrain Rios Montt, 104 00:10:17,325 --> 00:10:21,365 and the President of the United States of America. 105 00:10:23,039 --> 00:10:26,953 Reagan is openly admiring of the head of state 106 00:10:28,628 --> 00:10:31,587 of Guatemala and says that he thinks Rios Montt 107 00:10:31,881 --> 00:10:34,749 has received a bum rap from human rights organizations 108 00:10:35,051 --> 00:10:38,715 on the abuses that are taking place under his regime 109 00:10:39,013 --> 00:10:41,596 and that he offers the best democratic alternative 110 00:10:41,891 --> 00:10:43,507 that Guatemala could hope for. 111 00:10:43,810 --> 00:10:45,676 I know that President Rios Montt is a man 112 00:10:45,979 --> 00:10:49,814 of great personal integrity and commitment. 113 00:10:50,108 --> 00:10:52,108 I have assured the President that the United States 114 00:10:52,193 --> 00:10:55,686 is committed to support his efforts to restore democracy 115 00:10:55,989 --> 00:10:59,983 and to address the root causes of this violent insurgency. 116 00:11:23,224 --> 00:11:26,592 President Reagan made those comments about Rios Montt 117 00:11:26,895 --> 00:11:29,512 on December 4th, 1982, 118 00:11:30,857 --> 00:11:32,473 which was just two days before a unit 119 00:11:32,775 --> 00:11:36,314 of Special Forces in Guatemala, the Kaibiles, 120 00:11:36,613 --> 00:11:39,401 entered the village of Dos Erres. 121 00:11:45,371 --> 00:11:46,811 Weeks before the Dos Erres massacre 122 00:11:46,915 --> 00:11:48,915 there's an ambush carried out by leftist guerrillas 123 00:11:49,209 --> 00:11:50,416 on the Guatemalan military, 124 00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:52,021 and it's a victory for the guerillas, 125 00:11:52,045 --> 00:11:53,355 and they are able to kill some soldiers 126 00:11:53,379 --> 00:11:55,871 and make off with 20 or 21 rifles. 127 00:11:57,550 --> 00:11:59,445 And that's seen as a humiliating defeat by the military, 128 00:11:59,469 --> 00:12:00,829 and the order goes out that we need 129 00:12:01,012 --> 00:12:04,005 to find the perpetrators of this ambush, recover the rifles, 130 00:12:04,307 --> 00:12:06,139 and teach them a lesson. 131 00:12:07,393 --> 00:12:08,913 The intelligence that comes in suggests 132 00:12:09,145 --> 00:12:11,145 that this guerrilla unit that committed this ambush 133 00:12:11,272 --> 00:12:14,765 may be somewhere in the vicinity of Dos Erres. 134 00:12:15,068 --> 00:12:17,481 The rapid reaction force, this squad of twenty Kaibiles 135 00:12:17,779 --> 00:12:20,066 with a support team of additional commandos is sent 136 00:12:20,365 --> 00:12:23,984 to attack Dos Erres, find the guerrillas, find the rifles, 137 00:12:24,285 --> 00:12:26,698 and punish those responsible. 138 00:12:37,006 --> 00:12:41,421 This is one of several documents that we obtained 139 00:12:41,719 --> 00:12:43,255 about the Dos Erres massacre. 140 00:12:43,554 --> 00:12:45,921 This actually is a cable 141 00:12:46,224 --> 00:12:48,637 that the US Embassy in Guatemala City sent 142 00:12:48,935 --> 00:12:51,473 to the State Department in Washington 143 00:12:51,771 --> 00:12:55,981 about the first intimations that something had happened 144 00:12:56,276 --> 00:12:59,690 in Dos Erres in the Peten. 145 00:12:59,988 --> 00:13:02,196 The cable is written in late December 1982, 146 00:13:02,490 --> 00:13:06,530 so it's some weeks after the massacre has taken place. 147 00:13:07,996 --> 00:13:11,740 Source said there have been three theories, all rumors, 148 00:13:12,041 --> 00:13:14,033 concerning the incident in Dos Erres. 149 00:13:14,335 --> 00:13:16,918 One, the army arrested all the inhabitants 150 00:13:17,213 --> 00:13:18,954 and took them into the jungle. 151 00:13:19,257 --> 00:13:23,672 Two, the army took the men to the army base in Poptun, 152 00:13:23,970 --> 00:13:27,179 and the women and children to the army base in San Benito. 153 00:13:27,473 --> 00:13:30,716 Three, the army killed everyone in the village, 154 00:13:31,019 --> 00:13:35,059 dumped them into the well, and covered the well over. 155 00:13:39,902 --> 00:13:41,643 Though no bodies have been found, 156 00:13:41,946 --> 00:13:44,359 all the people have disappeared. 157 00:16:26,527 --> 00:16:28,814 Parallel to the massacres that were taking place 158 00:16:29,113 --> 00:16:32,356 in the countryside, the Guatemalan government also tried 159 00:16:32,658 --> 00:16:37,028 to eliminate people that it perceived as a threat, 160 00:16:37,330 --> 00:16:40,414 as an enemy of the state inside the cities. 161 00:16:46,297 --> 00:16:48,755 We're talking about people in the universities, 162 00:16:49,050 --> 00:16:50,586 the scholars, the students. 163 00:16:50,885 --> 00:16:53,047 We're talking about lawyers, and journalists, 164 00:16:53,346 --> 00:16:55,008 and artists, and writers. 165 00:16:56,641 --> 00:17:00,009 And the way the government dealt with urban enemies was 166 00:17:00,311 --> 00:17:02,348 to disappear them. 167 00:17:02,647 --> 00:17:05,310 People were targeted, because they decided 168 00:17:05,608 --> 00:17:08,146 to attempt to change the country. 169 00:17:11,113 --> 00:17:14,697 The bodies were usually buried in clandestine locations, 170 00:17:14,992 --> 00:17:16,984 sometimes on the same military bases 171 00:17:17,286 --> 00:17:19,243 where they were tortured. 172 00:17:20,498 --> 00:17:22,911 Those disappeared people grew 173 00:17:23,209 --> 00:17:26,623 into an enormous population of the vanished. 174 00:17:31,050 --> 00:17:32,086 By the end of the war, 175 00:17:32,385 --> 00:17:34,092 the Truth Commission says there were 176 00:17:34,387 --> 00:17:36,720 some 40,000 disappeared people. 177 00:17:42,478 --> 00:17:45,016 I would say that the army inadvertently 178 00:17:45,314 --> 00:17:47,476 and unintentionally created activists 179 00:17:47,775 --> 00:17:50,188 whose beloved ones were disappeared, 180 00:17:50,486 --> 00:17:52,603 taken away and who couldn't stand 181 00:17:52,905 --> 00:17:55,147 not doing anything about it. 182 00:17:58,119 --> 00:17:59,346 A lot of family members began 183 00:17:59,370 --> 00:18:01,362 to get together and form organizations. 184 00:18:01,664 --> 00:18:04,122 One of those organizations is FAMDEGUA, 185 00:18:04,417 --> 00:18:08,127 Families of the Detained and the Disappeared of Guatemala. 186 00:18:08,421 --> 00:18:10,421 FAMDEGUA was one of the first groups that went in 187 00:18:10,673 --> 00:18:12,585 and tried to sort of document what happened 188 00:18:12,883 --> 00:18:14,003 in the countryside at a time 189 00:18:14,260 --> 00:18:17,503 when in Guatemala nobody dared to do it. 190 00:18:18,889 --> 00:18:21,597 And they're lead by a very impressive woman 191 00:18:21,892 --> 00:18:25,226 who is still today looking for her brother. 192 00:19:39,345 --> 00:19:41,114 When FAMDEGUA learned of the massacre 193 00:19:41,138 --> 00:19:44,131 at Dos Erres, they decided to investigate. 194 00:19:44,433 --> 00:19:48,222 To help all the family members look for their missing. 195 00:19:52,692 --> 00:19:54,852 The villagers had been told not to go in there, 196 00:19:54,902 --> 00:19:56,382 and they were all terrified to go back 197 00:19:56,570 --> 00:19:58,436 and try to dig through the rubble. 198 00:19:58,739 --> 00:20:02,699 So the area remained a ghost town for more than a decade. 199 00:21:51,435 --> 00:21:53,176 Forensic Anthropology allows you 200 00:21:53,479 --> 00:21:57,348 to use very specific techniques to document evidence, 201 00:21:57,650 --> 00:22:00,358 and then later reproduce this evidence in a court of law 202 00:22:00,653 --> 00:22:03,862 to explain it to a judge, to explain it to the prosecutor, 203 00:22:04,156 --> 00:22:06,398 to explain it to the family. 204 00:22:07,451 --> 00:22:08,817 In the case of Dos Erres, 205 00:22:09,119 --> 00:22:10,826 you have one of the earliest exhumations 206 00:22:11,121 --> 00:22:12,828 ever done in Guatemala. 207 00:22:37,815 --> 00:22:39,292 She's investigating this at a time where the powers 208 00:22:39,316 --> 00:22:40,544 that committed these atrocities 209 00:22:40,568 --> 00:22:42,651 are very much still active and strong. 210 00:22:42,945 --> 00:22:45,062 And the military really hasn't been touched. 211 00:26:43,060 --> 00:26:46,098 Many people felt that there would be justice. 212 00:26:46,396 --> 00:26:50,436 That the worst of the worst would be brought to account. 213 00:26:53,195 --> 00:26:57,439 But impunity in Guatemala is as intrinsic to that culture 214 00:26:57,741 --> 00:27:00,108 as its volcanoes and its coffee. 215 00:27:00,953 --> 00:27:01,989 It's powerful. 216 00:27:02,287 --> 00:27:03,573 It's intransigent. 217 00:27:03,872 --> 00:27:05,704 It's very hard to break. 218 00:27:17,469 --> 00:27:21,588 Rios Montt decided in November of 1982 to use the Kaibiles 219 00:27:22,850 --> 00:27:25,593 as this kind of mobile killing unit. 220 00:27:27,563 --> 00:27:28,895 Through this policy, 221 00:27:29,189 --> 00:27:31,126 Rios Montt really unleashes these commandos, the Kaibiles, 222 00:27:31,150 --> 00:27:32,607 who are among the best-trained 223 00:27:32,901 --> 00:27:36,110 and the most famously brutal in the hemisphere. 224 00:27:36,405 --> 00:27:38,772 The Kaibil unit, very much modeled itself 225 00:27:39,074 --> 00:27:43,034 on the US Special Forces. 226 00:27:44,329 --> 00:27:46,571 They're designed to terrorize the populous. 227 00:27:46,874 --> 00:27:47,955 Going into certain areas 228 00:27:48,250 --> 00:27:50,210 where they feel the guerillas are the most active. 229 00:27:50,294 --> 00:27:52,752 Particularly indigenous areas and this scorched-earth policy 230 00:27:53,046 --> 00:27:56,460 of massacre, you know, as a tool of warfare. 231 00:28:21,867 --> 00:28:23,108 She's actually on the radio 232 00:28:23,410 --> 00:28:25,221 in these military controlled areas where there has been 233 00:28:25,245 --> 00:28:27,658 so much killing and brutality appealing 234 00:28:27,956 --> 00:28:30,039 to people who know about this to come forward. 235 00:28:30,334 --> 00:28:31,825 And then she gets this incredible tip, 236 00:28:32,127 --> 00:28:33,527 one of the soldiers who was involved 237 00:28:33,712 --> 00:28:37,376 in the massacre wants to talk to her. 238 00:30:55,103 --> 00:30:57,641 Fabio Pinzon is not a full-fledged Kaibil. 239 00:30:57,939 --> 00:30:59,271 He's actually a cook. 240 00:30:59,566 --> 00:31:02,434 He's always felt like within this elite, hard as nails group 241 00:31:02,736 --> 00:31:04,352 that he was treated as an underling. 242 00:31:04,654 --> 00:31:07,021 So he's breaking this incredible code of silence, 243 00:31:07,324 --> 00:31:09,782 and that could get him killed. 244 00:31:27,636 --> 00:31:29,047 So she's got this remarkable, 245 00:31:29,346 --> 00:31:31,884 first hand confession from a soldier, 246 00:31:32,182 --> 00:31:33,343 which in the annuls 247 00:31:33,642 --> 00:31:37,181 of the Guatemalan dirty war is extremely rare. 248 00:31:37,479 --> 00:31:40,313 Pinzon gives her investigation a jolt forward. 249 00:31:40,607 --> 00:31:41,887 And he convinces another soldier, 250 00:31:42,150 --> 00:31:44,110 and this guy who is an actual full-fledged Kaibil, 251 00:31:44,236 --> 00:31:47,104 Cesar Ibanez, also to speak to her. 252 00:35:19,534 --> 00:35:21,992 We welcome change and openness, 253 00:35:22,287 --> 00:35:26,327 for we believe that freedom and security go together. 254 00:35:27,959 --> 00:35:30,042 That the advance of human liberty can only strengthen 255 00:35:30,337 --> 00:35:32,294 the cause of world peace. 256 00:35:34,257 --> 00:35:36,544 Mr. Gorbachav, open this gate. 257 00:35:39,429 --> 00:35:42,137 Mr. Gorbachav, tear down this wall. 258 00:35:46,311 --> 00:35:50,430 The Guatemalan civil conflict went on for 36 years, 259 00:35:52,859 --> 00:35:56,603 and it really only finally came to an end 260 00:35:56,905 --> 00:35:58,988 in the mid 1990s for two reasons. 261 00:35:59,282 --> 00:36:02,070 Number one, the Cold War ended, the Berlin Wall fell, 262 00:36:02,369 --> 00:36:07,205 and it didn't make as much sense to continue to fight, 263 00:36:07,499 --> 00:36:11,334 or to back a war that was so centrally organized 264 00:36:13,213 --> 00:36:15,421 around anti-Communism. 265 00:36:15,715 --> 00:36:17,547 In December of 1996, 266 00:36:17,842 --> 00:36:20,084 the government signed the final peace agreement, 267 00:36:20,387 --> 00:36:23,004 which ended the war for, for good. 268 00:36:32,857 --> 00:36:36,191 Finally, you had talks in Oslo, Norway that led 269 00:36:36,486 --> 00:36:39,354 to the signing of an accord about human rights 270 00:36:39,656 --> 00:36:42,444 that included the creation of a truth commission. 271 00:36:42,742 --> 00:36:45,826 The Truth Commission had recommended 272 00:36:46,121 --> 00:36:50,115 that the government take on the responsibility 273 00:36:50,417 --> 00:36:53,125 of finding the disappeared, of identifying mass graves, 274 00:36:53,420 --> 00:36:57,130 of exhuming bodies as part of its reparations 275 00:36:57,424 --> 00:36:59,256 to affected communities. 276 00:37:00,552 --> 00:37:02,919 But the government was not inclined 277 00:37:03,221 --> 00:37:05,338 to participate at that level. 278 00:37:36,421 --> 00:37:38,541 Sara Romero's a young, rookie prosecutor 279 00:37:38,840 --> 00:37:40,877 who's assigned this case. 280 00:37:41,176 --> 00:37:42,536 Her first year out of law school, 281 00:37:42,802 --> 00:37:45,294 Sara Romero gets thrown this case I'm sure 282 00:37:45,597 --> 00:37:48,260 because nobody else wanted to handle it. 283 00:37:59,444 --> 00:38:01,213 She tries to start investigating what happened 284 00:38:01,237 --> 00:38:02,353 in Dos Erres. 285 00:38:02,655 --> 00:38:05,022 Her focus is getting the testimony of these two soldiers, 286 00:38:05,325 --> 00:38:09,365 which is going to be absolutely crucial and unique. 287 00:38:25,470 --> 00:38:27,656 The soldiers' testimony is very important for two reasons. 288 00:38:27,680 --> 00:38:30,343 Number one, it's extremely rare to have soldiers confessing 289 00:38:30,642 --> 00:38:32,304 to having participated in a massacre, 290 00:38:32,602 --> 00:38:34,309 the actual participants to describe it. 291 00:38:34,604 --> 00:38:36,391 Number two, they open the door 292 00:38:36,689 --> 00:38:38,646 to an even more remarkable, powerful piece 293 00:38:38,942 --> 00:38:40,711 of potential evidence, which is that they describe 294 00:38:40,735 --> 00:38:44,354 that two little boys survive the massacre, 295 00:38:44,656 --> 00:38:47,069 and were taken away by soldiers. 296 00:39:16,729 --> 00:39:19,267 Sara Romero knows that she's got potentially rare 297 00:39:19,566 --> 00:39:21,649 and powerful legal ammunition here, 298 00:39:21,943 --> 00:39:23,543 where she can actually maybe build a case 299 00:39:23,570 --> 00:39:25,152 against the military for the massacre, 300 00:39:25,446 --> 00:39:28,280 so she needs to find these two boys. 301 00:42:40,808 --> 00:42:42,786 Oscar has no memories whatsoever of Dos Erres. 302 00:42:42,810 --> 00:42:44,770 As far as he knows, he's brought up by this family 303 00:42:45,063 --> 00:42:48,932 and taught to revere this lieutenant who was his father. 304 00:42:49,233 --> 00:42:50,940 You talk to people in that town, 305 00:42:51,235 --> 00:42:53,022 he's someone who's seen as a heroic figure, 306 00:42:53,321 --> 00:42:56,655 who died shortly after bringing Oscar back. 307 00:44:00,096 --> 00:44:02,429 Sara Romero runs into a series of dead ends. 308 00:44:02,723 --> 00:44:04,385 The family is not very helpful. 309 00:44:04,684 --> 00:44:05,684 There's great resentment 310 00:44:05,977 --> 00:44:07,329 that she could be investigating the Lieutenant 311 00:44:07,353 --> 00:44:08,789 and suggesting that he's something other 312 00:44:08,813 --> 00:44:11,647 than this heroic military man. 313 00:44:47,393 --> 00:44:49,931 So Sara Romero goes out and does her detective work 314 00:44:50,229 --> 00:44:52,596 and actually finds Santos Alonzo, 315 00:44:52,899 --> 00:44:57,314 the Kaibil that took the other little boy from Dos Erres. 316 00:44:57,612 --> 00:44:59,172 She doesn't have this high-powered squad 317 00:44:59,363 --> 00:45:00,604 of cops accompanying her. 318 00:45:00,907 --> 00:45:02,747 It's pretty much her and an assistant going out 319 00:45:02,867 --> 00:45:04,824 to this remote, still dangerous area trying 320 00:45:05,119 --> 00:45:07,111 to investigate this massacre. 321 00:46:36,043 --> 00:46:38,272 She starts asking around, and the military starts hearing. 322 00:46:38,296 --> 00:46:41,755 Oh, why does the prosecutor want to talk to Ramiro? 323 00:48:05,174 --> 00:48:06,756 A lot of these kids who were abducted 324 00:48:07,051 --> 00:48:10,419 by soldiers were brought back to homes often in rural areas. 325 00:48:10,721 --> 00:48:12,081 And raised, not necessarily as part 326 00:48:12,264 --> 00:48:13,721 of the family like Oscar was. 327 00:48:14,016 --> 00:48:15,016 That's kind of unique. 328 00:48:15,267 --> 00:48:18,510 They were raised almost as indentured servants. 329 00:48:45,297 --> 00:48:47,914 Ramiro was raised in an abusive household. 330 00:48:48,217 --> 00:48:50,379 His nightmare did not end with the Dos Erres massacre, 331 00:48:50,678 --> 00:48:53,170 which he was old enough to remember. 332 00:52:21,013 --> 00:52:23,471 Salome Hernandez and his brother have the epic misfortune 333 00:52:23,766 --> 00:52:25,849 of arriving in the middle of this massacre, 334 00:52:26,143 --> 00:52:28,886 and being grabbed and taken by the rest of these people. 335 00:52:29,188 --> 00:52:31,430 But Salome is one of the few who manages 336 00:52:31,732 --> 00:52:33,348 to escape and survive. 337 00:53:44,805 --> 00:53:46,671 This is where things start to go bad. 338 00:53:46,974 --> 00:53:49,182 One of the lieutenants the second in command, 339 00:53:49,476 --> 00:53:52,093 Rosales Batres, rapes a woman. 340 00:53:52,396 --> 00:53:56,015 And when he does that, other soldiers follow his lead. 341 00:53:56,316 --> 00:53:59,525 This operation degenerates into barbarity. 342 00:54:12,040 --> 00:54:14,908 This goes on for hours, so at some point in the morning, 343 00:54:15,210 --> 00:54:17,623 some of the women who have been raped are forced 344 00:54:17,921 --> 00:54:19,457 to feed the soldiers. 345 00:54:37,399 --> 00:54:39,711 The morning sort of builds and the commanders are talking 346 00:54:39,735 --> 00:54:41,254 to one another and they're on the radio back 347 00:54:41,278 --> 00:54:42,610 to supervisors elsewhere, 348 00:54:42,905 --> 00:54:45,488 but at some point the decision is made that they are going 349 00:54:45,783 --> 00:54:49,823 to interrogate the villagers in the center of town. 350 00:55:50,389 --> 00:55:53,132 Basically they start going into the school 351 00:55:53,433 --> 00:55:55,673 and into the church and pulling out the men and the women 352 00:55:55,853 --> 00:55:59,563 and children and taking them down to this well. 353 00:56:40,480 --> 00:56:42,458 They have set themselves up by the well, 354 00:56:42,482 --> 00:56:44,189 and the people are brought there, 355 00:56:44,484 --> 00:56:46,976 and one of the first killed is a small child. 356 01:00:32,170 --> 01:00:35,129 By the afternoon, the massacre is over, 357 01:00:35,423 --> 01:00:37,665 250 people have been killed. 358 01:00:41,721 --> 01:00:42,721 So the well is full, 359 01:00:42,973 --> 01:00:45,886 and the village is littered with corpses. 360 01:00:48,478 --> 01:00:49,935 And five survivors appear. 361 01:00:50,230 --> 01:00:54,065 Five children, three girls, and two little boys. 362 01:00:55,777 --> 01:00:57,213 And so for whatever reason the soldiers decide they're going 363 01:00:57,237 --> 01:00:58,944 to take them with them. 364 01:01:00,866 --> 01:01:02,586 They start the hike back out of the village. 365 01:01:02,826 --> 01:01:05,239 The girls sadly meet a horrible fate. 366 01:01:05,537 --> 01:01:07,574 They rape them and they kill them the next day. 367 01:01:07,873 --> 01:01:11,412 But the boys they take back with them. 368 01:01:19,426 --> 01:01:21,306 These little boys are relatively light skinned 369 01:01:21,386 --> 01:01:22,752 and they have green eyes. 370 01:01:23,054 --> 01:01:24,323 And that kinda makes them stand out in this region, 371 01:01:24,347 --> 01:01:25,804 which is mostly indigenous. 372 01:02:29,579 --> 01:02:31,696 This cable is dated December 31, 373 01:02:31,998 --> 01:02:34,832 so it's just the day after the US Embassy organized 374 01:02:35,126 --> 01:02:37,869 a flyover of the Dos Erres village. 375 01:02:39,256 --> 01:02:42,465 This cable describes what the embassy officer saw 376 01:02:42,759 --> 01:02:43,879 when they went to the region 377 01:02:44,177 --> 01:02:47,636 where the massacre had taken place. 378 01:02:47,931 --> 01:02:49,923 On December 30, three mission members 379 01:02:50,225 --> 01:02:53,309 and a third country diplomat visited Poptun 380 01:02:53,603 --> 01:02:56,596 and Las Cruces, El Peten in an attempt 381 01:02:56,898 --> 01:03:00,016 to check an alleged massacre at Dos Erres. 382 01:03:02,946 --> 01:03:07,486 Dos Erres consists of scattered houses and groups of houses. 383 01:03:07,784 --> 01:03:10,322 They are all deserted and many have been burnt. 384 01:03:10,620 --> 01:03:11,986 Army officials said guerrillas, 385 01:03:12,289 --> 01:03:15,123 quote took the people away, unquote. 386 01:03:16,793 --> 01:03:20,412 At this point, the helicopter pilot refused to touch down. 387 01:03:20,714 --> 01:03:23,957 He did agree, however, to sweep low over the area. 388 01:03:24,259 --> 01:03:26,501 There were no signs of life. 389 01:03:28,638 --> 01:03:31,597 It is somewhat difficult to believe that the disappearance 390 01:03:31,891 --> 01:03:35,259 and possible liquidation of hundreds of people so close 391 01:03:35,562 --> 01:03:39,272 to Las Cruces could remain a mystery for weeks. 392 01:03:40,650 --> 01:03:42,858 Based on information reported by source 393 01:03:43,153 --> 01:03:46,487 and on site observations made on December 30, 394 01:03:46,781 --> 01:03:48,272 the Embassy must conclude 395 01:03:48,575 --> 01:03:50,111 that the party most likely responsible 396 01:03:50,410 --> 01:03:53,778 for this incident is the Guatemalan army. 397 01:04:00,045 --> 01:04:02,583 After reading these cables, you would think 398 01:04:02,881 --> 01:04:06,591 that that would have led to, at a minimum, 399 01:04:06,885 --> 01:04:10,504 a pronouncement on the part of the United States government 400 01:04:10,805 --> 01:04:12,762 about what was happening in Guatemala. 401 01:04:13,058 --> 01:04:14,720 And to the contrary. 402 01:04:15,018 --> 01:04:17,886 It's simply, it sank like a stone. 403 01:04:19,939 --> 01:04:24,309 You had a complicity by omission, a Reagan government 404 01:04:24,611 --> 01:04:27,945 that was not willing to call out its allies 405 01:04:29,115 --> 01:04:31,027 in the Guatemalan state. 406 01:04:32,369 --> 01:04:36,329 Very shortly after this, in January of 1983, 407 01:04:36,623 --> 01:04:40,333 the Reagan administration once again went back to Congress 408 01:04:40,627 --> 01:04:44,667 to try to get a new aid package for the Guatemalan military. 409 01:04:46,091 --> 01:04:50,381 That's how little the Reagan administration took 410 01:04:50,678 --> 01:04:52,965 into account reports like this. 411 01:04:55,350 --> 01:04:59,685 The US government by accepting this massacre happened 412 01:04:59,979 --> 01:05:02,562 and the Scorched Earth campaign of Rios Montt 413 01:05:02,857 --> 01:05:06,897 was a tacit participant of the massacres that continued. 414 01:05:09,823 --> 01:05:12,190 The Dos Erres massacre is very distinct, 415 01:05:12,492 --> 01:05:15,826 but at the same time, just like many others. 416 01:05:16,121 --> 01:05:18,829 There are many things that we see over and over, the rape, 417 01:05:19,124 --> 01:05:22,413 the sexual abuse of women and little girls. 418 01:05:24,671 --> 01:05:27,880 The separation of the women from the men. 419 01:05:28,174 --> 01:05:30,712 The length of detention to make sure 420 01:05:31,010 --> 01:05:33,127 that people were tortured publicly 421 01:05:33,430 --> 01:05:37,174 and all of these things happened at Dos Erres. 422 01:05:37,475 --> 01:05:41,890 The Dos Erres Massacre was one of 629 massacres 423 01:05:42,188 --> 01:05:44,020 that have been documented 424 01:05:44,315 --> 01:05:47,433 by the UN sponsored Truth Commission. 425 01:05:49,195 --> 01:05:51,938 There are an estimated 200,000 civilian 426 01:05:52,240 --> 01:05:55,859 dead in Guatemala. 427 01:05:56,161 --> 01:05:57,680 There are hundreds of other massacres 428 01:05:57,704 --> 01:05:59,195 like this with great impunity. 429 01:05:59,497 --> 01:06:01,329 These massacres are not quote unquote solved 430 01:06:01,624 --> 01:06:03,866 and no one is ever punished. 431 01:06:27,859 --> 01:06:29,270 If the government isn't ready, 432 01:06:29,569 --> 01:06:32,357 and there's no political will to actually prosecute, 433 01:06:32,655 --> 01:06:33,941 there will be no prosecution. 434 01:06:34,240 --> 01:06:36,903 That's very common in Guatemala. 435 01:06:39,037 --> 01:06:40,389 There's this crescendo of activity, 436 01:06:40,413 --> 01:06:41,613 which you would expect to lend 437 01:06:41,831 --> 01:06:43,271 to some kind of immediate resolution, 438 01:06:43,374 --> 01:06:45,286 and instead, the case ends up in legal limbo 439 01:06:45,585 --> 01:06:47,622 for almost another decade. 440 01:06:50,298 --> 01:06:53,917 Around 2009, there is some progress with the case, 441 01:06:54,219 --> 01:06:55,881 the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 442 01:06:56,179 --> 01:06:59,172 an external regional body, acting on legal actions filed 443 01:06:59,474 --> 01:07:02,967 by FAMDEGUA rules in their favor and issues a judicial order 444 01:07:03,269 --> 01:07:05,352 that Guatemala should pursue this case, 445 01:07:05,647 --> 01:07:07,104 and it also makes public the list 446 01:07:07,398 --> 01:07:10,391 of those commandos charged in Guatemala. 447 01:07:12,278 --> 01:07:13,940 Now things come full circle and the US, 448 01:07:14,239 --> 01:07:15,901 and Immigrations Customs and Enforcements 449 01:07:16,199 --> 01:07:18,260 in particular has an interesting unit that they have set up 450 01:07:18,284 --> 01:07:20,651 to pursue war criminals from all over the world. 451 01:07:20,954 --> 01:07:23,274 And ICE starts going through its records and its documents, 452 01:07:23,456 --> 01:07:25,136 and it identifies a number of the commandos 453 01:07:25,416 --> 01:07:27,203 as long time US residents. 454 01:07:37,262 --> 01:07:38,924 I received an investigative referral. 455 01:07:39,222 --> 01:07:41,009 It was from the Human Rights War Crimes Unit 456 01:07:41,307 --> 01:07:42,764 in Washington D.C. 457 01:07:48,064 --> 01:07:50,727 They came across Gilberto Jordan's name 458 01:07:51,025 --> 01:07:53,859 and knew that he was in the country. 459 01:07:57,282 --> 01:07:59,301 That's one of the first things I wanted to do was just 460 01:07:59,325 --> 01:08:00,525 to see where is the man living 461 01:08:00,702 --> 01:08:03,115 that's been accused of these crimes. 462 01:08:03,413 --> 01:08:05,951 You want to try to see what does this person do day to day, 463 01:08:06,249 --> 01:08:08,241 what is their life like now? 464 01:08:10,336 --> 01:08:11,827 He had a nice little home. 465 01:08:12,130 --> 01:08:13,587 Appeared to have a nice family. 466 01:08:13,881 --> 01:08:16,840 Mr. Jordan was working as a cook at a high-end country club. 467 01:08:17,135 --> 01:08:18,862 At one point one of his fellow employees told me 468 01:08:18,886 --> 01:08:21,173 he was the best employee there. 469 01:08:22,557 --> 01:08:23,923 He's got three kids. 470 01:08:24,225 --> 01:08:26,467 He's got a son who has himself joined US Military 471 01:08:26,769 --> 01:08:30,103 as US citizen, and served in Iraq. 472 01:08:30,398 --> 01:08:31,478 What I first did is 473 01:08:31,608 --> 01:08:34,271 I get his application for naturalization. 474 01:08:34,569 --> 01:08:35,729 This is the form you fill out 475 01:08:35,903 --> 01:08:39,067 when you want to become a United States citizen. 476 01:08:39,365 --> 01:08:42,199 ICE can't prosecute these guys for war crimes. 477 01:08:42,493 --> 01:08:44,373 But in order to prosecute for immigration crimes 478 01:08:44,495 --> 01:08:46,282 it essentially has to prove that they lied 479 01:08:46,581 --> 01:08:48,581 when they got their citizenship or their residence. 480 01:08:48,833 --> 01:08:50,436 And essentially build a miniature war crimes case 481 01:08:50,460 --> 01:08:52,300 against them, even if it's just to convict them 482 01:08:52,378 --> 01:08:54,540 of a crime as seemingly prosaic or mundane 483 01:08:54,839 --> 01:08:58,799 as lying on your citizenship application. 484 01:08:59,093 --> 01:09:01,881 On this form, they ask you specifically were you ever 485 01:09:02,180 --> 01:09:03,216 in a foreign military. 486 01:09:03,514 --> 01:09:05,130 Mr. Jordan had put no. 487 01:09:06,434 --> 01:09:08,346 They asked if he had committed any crimes, 488 01:09:08,645 --> 01:09:11,228 even for which he had not been charged. 489 01:09:11,522 --> 01:09:13,013 He had put no. 490 01:09:13,316 --> 01:09:16,275 So him being in the military is important, 491 01:09:16,569 --> 01:09:17,855 but what is more important is 492 01:09:18,154 --> 01:09:20,771 that I place him at that massacre. 493 01:09:22,325 --> 01:09:23,325 It's a tricky thing. 494 01:09:23,576 --> 01:09:24,236 He talks about it with the prosecutors, 495 01:09:24,535 --> 01:09:25,696 and they tell him look, 496 01:09:25,995 --> 01:09:27,473 we've got this information from Guatemala, 497 01:09:27,497 --> 01:09:28,863 the Inter-American court all that, 498 01:09:29,165 --> 01:09:32,658 but it's going to be very hard unless you get a confession. 499 01:09:32,960 --> 01:09:34,600 One of the things I'm told is that a lot 500 01:09:34,671 --> 01:09:35,671 of the killing started 501 01:09:35,880 --> 01:09:38,338 when he threw an infant into the well. 502 01:09:38,633 --> 01:09:42,798 I need Mr. Jordan to admit his role in the massacre. 503 01:09:43,096 --> 01:09:44,587 The decision is made. 504 01:09:46,224 --> 01:09:50,594 Let's go knock on his door and let's see what happens. 505 01:09:50,895 --> 01:09:54,764 We go outside Mr. Jordan's house in the morning. 506 01:09:55,066 --> 01:09:58,355 We go to the door and we're knocking on it. 507 01:09:58,653 --> 01:09:59,894 We're armed. 508 01:10:00,196 --> 01:10:02,132 I'm going to the house of someone who was highly trained. 509 01:10:02,156 --> 01:10:04,148 He's a Special Forces soldier. 510 01:10:04,450 --> 01:10:06,988 So, Mr. Jordan won't open the door. 511 01:10:07,286 --> 01:10:09,027 We're a little nervous. 512 01:10:10,331 --> 01:10:11,433 They stop his wife on the street 513 01:10:11,457 --> 01:10:12,777 and they get his wife to call him. 514 01:10:13,000 --> 01:10:14,000 And sure enough, 515 01:10:14,293 --> 01:10:16,205 Jordan has been dreading this moment for years. 516 01:10:16,504 --> 01:10:18,384 And Jordan says to her, they're here to kill me. 517 01:10:18,506 --> 01:10:20,106 She goes, no they're the cops, it's okay, 518 01:10:20,174 --> 01:10:20,789 you can open the door. 519 01:10:21,092 --> 01:10:22,132 He says, they've got guns. 520 01:10:22,427 --> 01:10:23,042 She says, yes but they're the cops, 521 01:10:23,344 --> 01:10:25,552 it's okay, you can open up. 522 01:10:25,847 --> 01:10:29,887 We sat down at his kitchen table and we started to talk. 523 01:10:33,062 --> 01:10:35,975 We started with the military things. 524 01:10:37,275 --> 01:10:38,982 Do you know so and so? 525 01:10:40,236 --> 01:10:41,898 And he'd say "yeah oh I knew him. 526 01:10:42,196 --> 01:10:46,782 "I worked underneath him, he was my commanding officer." 527 01:10:47,076 --> 01:10:47,736 He's upset. 528 01:10:48,035 --> 01:10:50,277 I can see he's visibly upset. 529 01:10:50,580 --> 01:10:53,789 It's almost like he had been waiting, dreading, 530 01:10:54,083 --> 01:10:56,061 but accepting that that moment was going to happen, 531 01:10:56,085 --> 01:10:58,165 and someone was going to come and ask him about this. 532 01:10:58,212 --> 01:11:00,545 He just starts talking about it. 533 01:11:02,175 --> 01:11:05,759 Mr. Jordan breaks down and starts talking about the well. 534 01:11:06,053 --> 01:11:08,921 So we asked him, you know, who went into the well. 535 01:11:09,223 --> 01:11:12,216 And his response was todo, meaning all. 536 01:11:12,518 --> 01:11:14,851 Everybody went into the well. 537 01:11:16,355 --> 01:11:17,937 He described to us that he was crying, 538 01:11:18,232 --> 01:11:21,066 he was upset at what was happening 539 01:11:21,360 --> 01:11:24,478 and that he threw the baby into the well. 540 01:11:28,451 --> 01:11:30,613 Gilberto Jordan pled guilty 541 01:11:30,912 --> 01:11:33,199 to the crime of naturalization fraud. 542 01:11:33,498 --> 01:11:34,830 He didn't fight it. 543 01:11:36,584 --> 01:11:39,418 In the United States, all of the sudden, 544 01:11:39,712 --> 01:11:43,456 one of the named Kaibiles is in jail for 10 years. 545 01:11:43,758 --> 01:11:47,297 That was like an electric shock in Guatemala. 546 01:11:49,680 --> 01:11:53,799 It made people believe that perhaps this could happen, 547 01:11:55,520 --> 01:11:58,854 that there could be some justice in this case. 548 01:11:59,148 --> 01:12:02,141 ICE generates evidence, they generate Jordan's confession. 549 01:12:02,443 --> 01:12:04,443 So now you got a confession in the US legal system. 550 01:12:04,487 --> 01:12:06,447 And they send all this information to Sara Romero. 551 01:12:06,656 --> 01:12:09,490 Now, she's got even more ammunition. 552 01:12:10,409 --> 01:12:12,822 The other critical catalyst 553 01:12:13,120 --> 01:12:15,783 that pushed this case forward was the naming 554 01:12:16,082 --> 01:12:19,450 in December of 2010 of Claudia Paz Y Paz 555 01:12:19,752 --> 01:12:22,995 to be the attorney general of Guatemala. 556 01:12:43,901 --> 01:12:46,769 Once Claudio Paz Y Paz was appointed as Attorney General, 557 01:12:47,071 --> 01:12:49,734 one of the first things she did was empower the prosecutors 558 01:12:50,032 --> 01:12:52,991 to resume the Dos Erres Investigation. 559 01:12:53,286 --> 01:12:56,825 The other important factor of the case at this time was 560 01:12:57,123 --> 01:13:00,332 that we developed DNA capacity in Guatemala. 561 01:13:00,626 --> 01:13:04,290 So we decided to go and exhume the bodies for a second time 562 01:13:04,589 --> 01:13:08,082 and try to identify by comparing the DNA profiles 563 01:13:08,384 --> 01:13:12,845 of the skeletons with those DNA profiles of the families. 564 01:13:13,139 --> 01:13:14,658 So Sara Romero now has an attorney general 565 01:13:14,682 --> 01:13:15,682 who's supporting her, 566 01:13:15,892 --> 01:13:17,758 she's got this information from the US. 567 01:13:18,060 --> 01:13:19,471 She's got Pinzon and Ibanez. 568 01:13:19,770 --> 01:13:20,770 She's got Ramiro's story. 569 01:13:20,897 --> 01:13:22,479 So she's determined now to try again 570 01:13:22,773 --> 01:13:26,483 despite all the time that's past to find Oscar. 571 01:13:46,589 --> 01:13:48,831 And she goes back to talk to the doctor 572 01:13:49,133 --> 01:13:50,413 who she'd talked to years earlier 573 01:13:50,593 --> 01:13:51,987 and this time he's a little more helpful 574 01:13:52,011 --> 01:13:55,129 and he tells her look, Oscar is in the United States. 575 01:14:00,978 --> 01:14:03,766 I don't have a number for him, but I know he's married. 576 01:14:04,065 --> 01:14:05,459 I'm trying to remember his wife's name. 577 01:14:05,483 --> 01:14:08,396 Her nickname is La Flaca, the skinny one. 578 01:14:36,639 --> 01:14:38,679 It's almost comical to think of a prosecutor going 579 01:14:38,891 --> 01:14:42,134 into a pretty big town, Zacapa, and knocking on doors 580 01:14:42,436 --> 01:14:45,520 and asking for La Flaca, and finding her. 581 01:16:04,810 --> 01:16:08,474 How do you tell someone you're not who you think you are. 582 01:16:08,773 --> 01:16:11,607 And your life up until now has been a lie. 583 01:19:52,663 --> 01:19:55,076 So Oscar decides to go ahead and do the DNA test. 584 01:19:55,374 --> 01:19:57,832 And Fredy Peccerelli comes up. 585 01:20:00,462 --> 01:20:03,421 We had no idea that this would eventually lead us 586 01:20:03,716 --> 01:20:06,424 to a little town outside of Boston. 587 01:20:12,725 --> 01:20:14,327 I actually have to say that I was surprised 588 01:20:14,351 --> 01:20:15,887 by everything about Oscar. 589 01:20:16,186 --> 01:20:19,600 About his demeanor, about the way he looked. 590 01:20:21,817 --> 01:20:24,560 He looked whiter than I expected. 591 01:20:24,862 --> 01:20:28,071 He has very light eyes, almost green eyes. 592 01:20:32,619 --> 01:20:34,281 He was very at ease. 593 01:20:34,580 --> 01:20:36,913 He didn't look worried. 594 01:20:37,207 --> 01:20:39,915 I think he still didn't believe it. 595 01:21:04,610 --> 01:21:06,818 We took Oscar's DNA sample back to Guatemala, 596 01:21:07,112 --> 01:21:09,104 to the DNA lab of the FAFG, 597 01:21:09,406 --> 01:21:13,946 and we had to compare it to the sample of Ramiro, 598 01:21:14,244 --> 01:21:16,952 the other boy. 599 01:21:17,247 --> 01:21:20,957 And then also to all the families in Dos Erres. 600 01:21:23,170 --> 01:21:25,913 About a month and a half, maybe two months went by, 601 01:21:26,215 --> 01:21:30,255 and I got the results and the first thing I thought of is, 602 01:21:33,222 --> 01:21:35,214 wow, we have to call him. 603 01:21:43,148 --> 01:21:46,107 So, I called his home, and he answered. 604 01:21:47,403 --> 01:21:50,612 I said Oscar we have the results. 605 01:21:50,906 --> 01:21:54,866 Ramiro, the other boy, is not your brother. 606 01:21:55,160 --> 01:21:57,322 And he said oh I knew that. 607 01:21:57,621 --> 01:22:01,035 However, his DNA matched that of an older man 608 01:22:03,502 --> 01:22:07,621 that was looking for his family among all the bones. 609 01:22:08,799 --> 01:22:10,711 And that he was still alive, 610 01:22:11,009 --> 01:22:13,922 so I told Oscar we found your father, 611 01:22:14,888 --> 01:22:16,675 your biological father. 612 01:22:18,434 --> 01:22:20,926 And he didn't say anything for a couple of seconds. 613 01:23:05,939 --> 01:23:07,667 Tranquilino Castaneda, that day 614 01:23:07,691 --> 01:23:09,023 of the Dos Erres massacre, 615 01:23:09,318 --> 01:23:10,934 happened to be working in fields outside 616 01:23:11,236 --> 01:23:13,353 of Dos Erres and he survived. 617 01:23:42,309 --> 01:23:44,972 The next step is how are we gonna tell Tranquilino, 618 01:23:45,270 --> 01:23:49,355 because he was looking for his family among the skeletons, 619 01:23:49,650 --> 01:23:52,017 hopefully to be able to rebury the bodies. 620 01:23:52,319 --> 01:23:56,029 But he was never looking for a living relative. 621 01:23:57,157 --> 01:23:58,944 So we brought Tranquilino to the room, 622 01:23:59,243 --> 01:24:03,203 and I had Oscar on a computer via the internet and I said, 623 01:24:05,624 --> 01:24:07,786 "Oscar, this is Tranquilino. 624 01:24:08,085 --> 01:24:10,168 "Tranquilino, this is Oscar." 625 01:24:11,421 --> 01:24:13,413 And Aura Elena says to Tranquilino, 626 01:24:13,715 --> 01:24:14,956 "Do you know who that is? 627 01:24:15,259 --> 01:24:18,093 "That's your son." 628 01:24:47,291 --> 01:24:48,291 Tranquilino calls Oscar 629 01:24:48,584 --> 01:24:50,424 by the name he remembers was Alfredo, Alfredito 630 01:24:50,627 --> 01:24:51,913 which is a diminutive. 631 01:24:52,212 --> 01:24:54,454 What the Lieutenant had done, right, in sort of this act 632 01:24:54,756 --> 01:24:57,089 of mercy that accompanies this act of brutality 633 01:24:57,384 --> 01:24:59,341 is not only had he spared this boy, 634 01:24:59,636 --> 01:25:01,502 but he preserves the name Alfredo Castaneda, 635 01:25:01,805 --> 01:25:02,805 which is his real name. 636 01:25:03,056 --> 01:25:06,265 So he's Oscar Alfredo Ramirez Castaneda. 637 01:26:14,252 --> 01:26:16,164 After Tranquilino got a visa 638 01:26:16,463 --> 01:26:17,999 from the United States government, 639 01:26:18,298 --> 01:26:22,338 we made arrangements for him to fly up here, and meet Oscar. 640 01:28:52,410 --> 01:28:54,367 Oscar's DNA profile matching Tranquilino 641 01:28:54,663 --> 01:28:56,370 and proving that they were father and son, 642 01:28:56,665 --> 01:28:59,328 thereby putting Oscar at the scene of the crime, 643 01:28:59,626 --> 01:29:03,586 and having him now be living evidence of what happened. 644 01:29:05,882 --> 01:29:10,001 That was all presented at two different trials in Guatemala.